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''Pro multis'' is a Latin phrase that means "for many" or "for the many". Not having the definite article, Latin does not distinguish between these two meanings. The phrase is part of the longer phrase "qui pro vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum" used, with reference to the blood of Christ, in the consecration of the wine in the Roman Rite Mass. In the definitively approved English translation this longer phrase appears as "which will be poured out for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins".〔(Eucharistic Prayer I or The Roman Canon )〕〔(The Order of Mass, p. 20 )〕 The phrase "poured out for you" comes from only. "Poured out for many" from and . "For the forgiveness of sins" from only. , the earliest account of Jesus' words over the cup at his Last Supper, mentions none whatever of these phrases in relation to the consecration of the wine. The variety of these accounts indicates that the writers did not intend to give the exact words that Jesus used, probably in Aramaic. The only words that are considered essential for the consecration of the wine at Mass are "This is my blood", though the form of the sacrament, which varies according to the liturgical rite (Roman Rite, Byzantine Rite, etc.) contains other words as well.〔The same holds for other sacraments: for instance, "I baptize you …" (Roman Rite), but "The servant of God (identified by name) is baptized …" (Byzantine Rite).〕 Biblicist Albert Vanhoye said that Hebrew רבים (''rabbim''), translated in Greek as πολλῶν (''pollon'') and in the official English version as "many", "means 'a great number' without any specification as to whether this refers to a totality".〔(Andrea Tornielli, "For the multitude" not "for all", in ''Vatican Insider'', 29 August 2013 )〕 ==Translation as "for all"== Several initial vernacular translations of the Roman Missal employed "for all" instead of "for many" to represent the phrase ''pro multis'' in the Eucharistic Prayer. Thus, Italian had "per tutti", Spanish "por todos los hombres", Portuguese "por todos os homens", German "für alle". However, languages such as Polish translated literally, while Dutch had "voor de velen" (for the many), and French "pour la multitude" (for the multitude). The word "many" (Latin ''multi'', Greek ''πολλοί'') is opposed to "few" (Latin ''pauci'', Greek ''ὀλίγοι''), not to "all" (Latin ''omnes'', Greek ''πάντες''). In a large group, all the members are many; in a small group, all are few. People can be many whether they form the totality of a group or only part of a group. An article by Father Max Zerwick, S.J. gives examples of texts in which the totality of a group are referred to as "many".〔(Pro Vobis et pro Multis Effundetur )〕 In 2006, the Holy See gave instructions that in vernacular translations of the revised edition of the Roman Missal published in 2002, ''pro multis'' was to be translated literally, as "for many". In a circular of 17 October of that year, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments pointed out that "for all" is not a literal translation of "pro multis", nor of the words "περὶ πολλῶν" in or "ὑπὲρ πολλῶν" in . "For all", it said, is not so much a ''translation'' as "an ''explanation'' of the sort that belongs properly to catechesis". Accordingly, it directed the episcopal conferences to make an effort, in line with the (Instruction ''Liturgiam authenticam'' ), to translate the words ''pro multis'' "more faithfully".〔(Letter from Cardinal Arinze on the translation of ''pro multis'' )〕 The official English translation of the 2002 edition of the Roman Missal has been issued, but work continues for several other languages. The new Spanish version has already been approved, with "por muchos" (for many) replacing the previous "por todos los hombres" (for all men),〔(Heliodoro Lucatero, "Una Tradición siempre nueva, siempre viva - Los cambios recientes de la Misa", p. 30 )〕 and as early as Pentecost 2009 the change was effected in Hungary from "mindenkiért" (for all) to "sokakért" (for many);〔(Kathnews: "Ungarische Bischofskonferenz revidiert Übersetzung der Wandlungsworte" )〕 but reluctance in some quarters to abandon the use of "for all" to represent ''pro multis'' has caused delay in relation to German and Italian. In view of the resistance of some German-speaking episcopal conferences, Pope Benedict XVI wrote a personal letter on 14 April 2012 to the German conference, which had accepted the change. In it he stressed the importance of using the literal translation.〔〔(Catholic News Service: "Celebrating in different languages, pope sees translation troubles" (26 April 2012) )〕 The Italian bishops conference also voted against translating ''pro multis'' literally as "per molti" (for many), and in favour of keeping "per tutti" (for all).〔There were 117 votes for "per tutti", 11 for "per molti", 4 for "per la moltitudine", corresponding to the French "pour la multitude" (("Not All Bishops Are of Good Will" )).〕 In 2012, Biblicist Francesco Pieri proposed using the phrase "per una moltitudine" (for a multitude) as a way of being faithful to the Latin original.〔(Francesco Pieri, "Per una moltitudine. Sulla traduzione delle parole eucaristiche" in ''Il Regno'' (October 2012), p. 301 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pro multis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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